UGC NET Tourism Administration & Management 2024 Exam

Category

Age Relaxation (in years)

SC/ST/OBC/PwD/Transgender

5

Females of all categories

5

Candidates holding LLM degree

3

Candidates in armed forces

5

Paper-I Unit wise Subjects

Paper-I Topics Given

Unit-I: Teaching Aptitude

• Teaching: Concept, objectives, levels of teaching (memory, understanding & reflective), characteristics along with basic requirements
• Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent & adult learners (academic, social, emotional & cognitive), individual differences
• Factors affecting teaching related to Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment as well as Institution
• Methods of teaching in universities of higher learning: Teacher centered against. learner-centred methods; offline against online methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs, etc.).
• Teaching support system: Traditional, modern as well as ICT based
• Evaluation systems: Elements & types of evaluation, evaluation in Choice Based Credit System as in higher education, computer-based testing, innovations which take place in evaluation systems

Unit-II: In case of Research Aptitude

• Research: Meaning, Types, & characteristics, positivism as well as a post-positivist approach to research
• Methods of research: Experimental, descriptive, historical, qualitative and quantitative methods
• Steps for conducting a research
• Thesis & article writing: Format as well as styles of referencing
• Application of ICT in the research field
• Ethical research

Unit-III: Comprehension

• A passage of text shall be given. Questions shall be asked from the passage from where it is to be answered

Unit-IV: Communication

• Communication: Meaning, types & characteristics of communication
• Effective communication: Verbal & non-verbal, inter-cultural & group communications, classroom communication
• Barriers in case of effective communication
• Mass-media & society

Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude

• Types of reasoning
• Number series, letter series, codes & relationships
• Mathematical aptitude (fraction, time and distance, ratio, proportion & percentage, profit & loss, interest & discounting, averages, etc.)

Unit-VI: Logical Reasoning

• Understanding the structure of arguments: Argument forms, the structure of categorical propositions, mood & figure, formal with informal fallacies, uses of language, connotations as well as denotations of terms, the classical square of opposition
• Evaluating & distinguishing deductive & inductive reasoning
• Analogies
• Venn diagram: Simple & multiple uses for establishing the validity of arguments
• Indian Logic: Means of knowledge
• Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) & Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension)
• Structure with kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasa (fallacies of inference)

Unit-VII: Data Interpretation

• Sources, acquisition & classification of data
• Quantitative & qualitative data
• Graphical representation (bar-chart, histograms, pie-chart, table-chart & line-chart) along with mapping of the required data
• Data interpretation
• Data & governance

Unit-VIII: Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

• ICT: General abbreviations & terminology
• Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio & Video-conferencing
• Digital initiatives in terms of higher education
• ICT & Governance

Unit-IX: People, Development and Environment

• Development & environment: Millennium development with Sustainable development goals
• Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities & their impacts on the environment
• Environmental issues: Local, regional & global; air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), climate change & its socio-economic and political dimensions
• Impacts of pollutants on human health
• Natural & energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear & Forests
• Natural hazards & disasters: Mitigation strategies
• Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance

Unit-X: Higher Education System

• Institutions of higher learning & education in ancient India
• Evolution of higher learning & research in post-independence India
• Oriental, conventional & non-conventional learning programs in India
• Professional, technical along with skill-based education.
• Value education & environmental education
• Policies, governance, as well as administration

Unit 

Topics 

Unit 1

Tourist/ visitor/traveler/ excursionist – Definitions and Differences, Early and Medieval Period

of Travel, Renaissance and its Effects on Tourism, Birth of Mass Tourism, Old and New Age

Tourism, Forms of Tourism – Inbound, Outbound, National, International, Nature, Scope, and

Characteristics of Tourism. Need for Measurement of Tourism, Interdisciplinary Approaches,

Different Tourism Systems- Leiper’s Geospatial Model, Mill-Morrison, Mathieson & Wall,

Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) - Doxey’s Irridex Index – Demonstration Effect –

Crompton’s Push and Pull Theory, Stanley Plog’s Model, Gunn’s Model

Meaning and Nature of Tourism Industry, Input and Output of Tourism Industry, Tourism

Industry Network- Direct, Indirect and 

Support Services, Basic Components of Tourism -

Transport- Accommodation- Facilities & Amenities, Horizontal and Vertical Integration in

Tourism Business, Tourism Business during Liberalization & Globalization, Tourism Impacts:

Economic Social, Cultural, and Environmental; Positive & Negative Impacts of Tourism, Factors

affecting the future of tourism business; Seasonality & tourism, Sociology of tourism, Travel

motivators.

Role and functions of Important Tourism Organizations in the development and promotion of

Tourism - UNWTO, IATA, ICAO, UFTAA, ASTA, PATA, WTTC, IHA, TAAI, IATO, FHRAI, ITDC, ICPB,

State Tourism Development Corporations, Airport Authority of India, Archeological Survey of

India, Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Railways, Civil Aviation of Government of India.

Unit 2

Earth’s movement; Latitude, Longitude; Areas, Sub Areas and Sub Regions as per International

Air Transport Organization (IATA), IATA Three Letter City Code, Two Letter Airlines and Airport

Code, International Date Line, Time Zones, Greenwich Mean Time, Calculation of Local Time,

Flying Time, Grounding Time, Elapsed Time, Daylight Saving Time.

World Geography - Climate & Vegetation of North, South, and Central America – Europe – Africa

- Asia & Australasia, Elements of weather and climate, Impact of weather and climate on tourist

destinations, Climate and Vegetation of India, Physical Geography of India - Distribution of

Rivers, Mountains, Plateaus & Plain area, Coastal area, Deccan, major lakes, deserts.

Tourists Movement - Demand and origin factors; destinations and resource factors;

Contemporary trends in international tourists movements, Environment Act – Environment

rules – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Information System (EIS),

Environmental Management System (EMS) & Carrying capacity, Forest Act – Forest

Conservation Act – Wildlife Protection Act,

Unit 3

Nature and Characteristic of Tourism Products of India - Seasonality and Diversities, Tourist

attraction – Concept & Classification, Heritage – Indigenous; Colonial, Handicrafts of India; Fairs

and Festivals of Social & Religious importance, Forms & Types of Performing Art, Classical

Dances, Folk Dances of different Regions & Folk Culture, Indian Music - Different Schools, Status

of Indian Vocal & Instrumental Music, Indian Music abroad, Indian Museums, Art Galleries,

Libraries & their Location, Indian cuisine - Regional variations, Historical monuments of India –

Ancient temples, caves, stupas, monasteries, forts, palaces, Islamic and colonial art, and

architecture, Indian rituals, dresses. World heritage sites of India, Major religious centers of

India – holy places connected with Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Islamism, Christianity,

Zoroastrianism, and other religious sects, places associated with the work and life of legendry

figures – Mahatma Gandhi, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Swami Vivekananda,

Rabindranath Tagore, Subash Chandra Bose & Sardar Vallabhai Patel. Important paces related

to India’s freedom struggle.

Major National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Biosphere reserves of India and their Locations -

Accessibility, Facilities, Amenities, Uniqueness of Dachigam, Corbett, Ranthambore, Hazaribag,

Similipal, Bhitarkanika, Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Mudumalli, Periyar, Gir, Sunderbans, Manas,

Valley of flowers, Hill Stations - Locations, Accessibility, Facilities, Amenities, Uniqueness of

Gulmarg, Kullu & Manali, Shimla, Mussorie, Nainital, Panchmarahi, Mahabaleswar,

Chikmangulaur, Coorg, Munnar, Ooty, Kodaikanal, Arakku, Darjeeling, Gangtok, Shillong, etc.,

Tourist potential of Himalayas.

Beach Resorts of India - Locations, Accessibility, Facilities, Amenities, Uniqueness of important

Beaches of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andhra

Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Emerging attractions

for Medical Tourism, Ecotourism, Rural Tourism, Agri Tourism, Farm Tourism, Green Tourism,

Wilderness Tourism, Film Tourism, MICE tourism, Countryside Tourism, Caravan Tourism,

Adventure tourism, Golf tourism, Lighthouse tourism, Fort tourism, Buddhist tourism, Sufi

tourism, Special interest tourism, Textile tourism, Aqua based tourism, wellness and spa tourism, culinary tourism, shopping tourism, indigenous tourism, industrial & Mining Tourism.

Unit 4

Transportation - Evolution and importance of Transportation Systems; Role of Transportation in

Tourism; Major transport systems – Rail, Road, Air, and Water transport; Road Transport

Network in North America, South America, Europe, South Africa, Asia, and the Middle-East,

Austria and New Zealand, Major Railway Transport Network in the World, Modes of

transportations in India – Past & Present.

Licensing of air carriers; Limitations of weights and capacities; Scheduled and non-scheduled

airlines services; No-frill airlines; Open sky policy; International conventions; Functions of IATA,

ICAO, DGCA, AAI; GDS in air transportation. Types of air journey, MPM, TPM, Extra Mileage

Allowance, One-way, Return Trip and Circle Tri Journey, Higher Intermediate Fare Check Point,

Add-on and Open Jaw Fare, Excursion Fare, Components in International Air Tickets, Airline

Business in the World, Major Air Carriers and Major Low-cost Airlines, Domestic Air Transport

Business, Distribution of Sales of Airlines Tickets, Baggage and Travel Documents, Air Charter

Services, Miscellaneous Charges Order (MCO) - Multiple Purpose Document (MPD) - Billing and

Settlement Plan.

Surface Transport System - Approved tourist transport, car hire companies including car rental

scheme and tourist-coach companies, Documents connected with road transport viz. Regional

Transport Authority, transport and insurance documents, road taxies, fitness certificate, contact

carriage, state carriage, All India permits, maxi car, motor car, etc. Railway System of the world,

British Rail, Euro Rail, Amtrak, Orient express, Trans-Siberian railway, and luxury train of the

world. Indian Railways - types of tours available in Indian Rail, Indrail pass, special schemes and

packages available, palace on wheels, royal orient, fairy queen, and toy trains. Planning

itineraries on Indian Railways, reservation and cancellation procedures, Water Transport

System - Historical past, cruise ships, ferries, hovercraft, river canal boats. Prospects and future

growth of water transport in India. Major cruise lines of the world and their packages

Unit 5

Historical Background of Travel Trade, Significance of Travel Agency Business, Types of Travel

Agent- Full-Service Agency, Commercial Agency, Implant Agency, Group / Incentive Agency,

Skills and Competencies for Running Travel Agency Business, Wholesale and Retail Agents,

Future of Travel Wholesaling & Retailing. Types of Tour Operator- Inbound, Outbound,

Domestic, Ground and Specialized, Types of Tour- Independent Tour, Escorted Tour, Hosted

Tour, Incentivized Tour, Tour Wholesalers and Retailers, Diversified Role of Tour Operators,

Distribution Networks of Tour Operation Business, Special Services for Charter Tour Operators,

Meeting & Incentive Planners and Activities of Meeting Planners, Convention & Conference

Tourism Business, Trade Fairs & Exhibitions, Essential Requirements for Starting Travel Agency

& Tour Operation Business, Procedures for Obtaining Recognition, Travel Agency Organization

Structure, Sources of Revenue, Use of Information Technology in Travel Agency Business.

Types of Itinerary - Resources and Steps for Itinerary Planning, Tour Costing: Tariffs, FIT & GIT,

Confirmation of Tour, Creation of Docket/ File, Issue of Tour Vouchers, Reconfirmation with

Airlines, Hotel & Ground Service Providers, Distributing Customized Itinerary to Tour Leader,

Guide, Driver & Transporter, Standard Procedures for Pickup and Drop, Preparation of

Feedback or Guest Comment Sheet, Analysis of Comments of Guest, Tour Guides & Escorts,

WATA guidelines; Relation with service suppliers; Travel agency appointments; International

regulations.

Familiarization with TIM (Travel Information Manual), Passport & VISA- Meaning, Types,

Procedures, Validity, Necessary Information to fill the Passport and VISA Form for Issuance,

Health Certificates, Currency, Travel Insurance, Credit & Debit Card, Customs, Currency,

Baggage and Airport information, Citizenship – Passport - Visa - FEMA – Foreigners Registration

Act – Customs – RBI guidelines - Criminal Law - Registration of cases, Cargo handling - Baggage

allowance, free access baggage, Weigh and piece concept, Accountability of lost baggage,

Dangerous goods, Cargo rates ad valuation charges Automation and airport procedures, Tour

Brochures - element and importance of brochure.

Unit 6

Distinctive characteristics of the Hospitality Industry - Inflexibility, Intangibility, Perishability, fixed

location, relatively large financial investment, etc.; Concepts of Atithi Devo Bhavah; Hotel and

the other lodging facilities; types of hotels and hotel departments; classification of hotels; chain

operations; E- Hospitality. Types of accommodation; Activities in Accommodation Management

– Front office – Housekeeping – Bar and Restaurant - Supporting services; Fiscal and non-fiscal

incentives offered to hotel industry in India, ethical and regulatory aspects in a hotel,

international hotel regulations.

Duties and responsibilities of front office staff; Reservation & registration- Types of Room,

Types of Bedding, Meal plans, room assignments, check-in, methods of payment, type of hotel

guests. Factors affecting the price of accommodation, important functions of Housekeeping

Management, liaison with other departments, room supplies, Bed making, and related types of

service; Housekeeping department-Hierarchy, duties & responsibilities of housekeeping staff.

Food Production Organization, Kitchen, Buffets, Beverages Operation, Functions, Outlets of F &

B, Types of Meal Plans, Types of Restaurant-Menu, Room Service, Catering Services-Food

Service for the Airlines, Banquette, Corporate, MICE, Retail Food Market, Business/Industrial

Food Service, Healthcare Food Service, club food services - Trends in lodging and food services.

Food & Beverage Department of a hotel: Hierarchy, duties & responsibilities of staff.

Unit 7

Concept of Goods & Services; Characteristics of Service; Salient features of Marketing Services:

Services Marketing – Concept, Need & Significance, Types of Tourism Services, Tourism

Marketing Environment, Strategic Planning, and Marketing Process, Organizing and

Implementing marketing in the Tourism Organization. Service Quality, Gap Model of Service

5 | P a g e

Quality. Marketing Research. Market Segmentation - Targeting and positioning for competitive

advantage; Relationship Marketing; Familiarization Trip.

P’s of Tourism Marketing- Product, Place, Price, Promotion, Physical Evidence, People, Process

& Packaging, Designing Tourism Product – Branding and Packaging, Product Development –

Product Life Cycle & Its Various Stages, Pricing Strategies and Approaches, Advertising – Sales

Promotion – Publicity – Personal Selling, Tourism Distribution Channels, Cooperation, and

conflict management. Global Marketing, Direct Marketing, Social Media & Digital Marketing,

Green Marketing, Corporate Social Responsibility, Marketing Ethics & Consumerism.

Destination Image Development - Attributes of Destinations, Destination resource analysis,

measurement of destination image - Destination branding perspectives and challenges creating the Unique Destination Proposition - Place branding and destination image -

Destination image formation process; unstructured image -Product development and

packaging - Institutional Support & Public-Private Partnership in Destination Marketing.

Unit 8

Tourism planning - Role of Govt. public and private sectors in the formulation of tourism policy;

Roles of international, national, state, and local tourism organizations in carrying out tourism

policies. Tourism planning for thrust areas, special tourism areas & zones identified by the Ministry

of Tourism, Government of India. Sustainable tourism development, Pro-poor Tourism, and

Community Participation; Responsible tourism.

Tourism Policy - Factors influencing tourism policy; National Tourism Policy, Levels of Tourism

planning - International, national, regional, state and local, the traditional, approach and

PASLOP method of tourism planning; an important feature of five-year tourism plans in India;

Elements Agents, Processes and typologies of tourism development; State tourism policies.

National Planning Policies for Destination Development- WTO Guidelines for Planners -

Role of urban civic bodies: Town planning -Characteristics of rural tourism planning.

Economic System and Its Impact on Tourism Development, Macro & Micro Economic System,

Demand & Supply, Determinants, Measurement of Tourism Demand, Forecasting, Methods of

Demand Forecasting, Inflation, Recession, Savings & Investment, Export & Import, Multiplier

Effects &Its Types, Displacement Effect, Costs and Benefits of Tourism, Monetary Policy- Repo

Rate, Reverse Repo Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio(CRR).

Unit 9

Statistics: Measures of central tendency- mean, median, mode; measures of dispersion- range,

standard deviation, variance, etc.; skewness and kurtosis; correlation and regression- scatter

plots, lines of best fit, Pearson, and Spearman correlation coefficients; Regression- bivariate and

multivariate. Distributions- discrete and continuous; Normal distribution, sampling distribution.

hypothesis-testing – parametric vs. non-parametric tests, t-tests, ANOVA, Chi-square tests, run

Tests, sign tests, Wald- Wolfowitz Test, Kursal Walis Test, Kolmogorov- Smirnov Test.

Research and theory, types and methods of research; review of literature; variables and

measurement, concepts, constructs, and formulation of hypothesis; Sampling, methods of data

collection, development of schedules and questionnaires, scales, and fieldwork. Qualitative

research: quantitative vs. qualitative research; techniques- Grounded Theory, Ethnography,

the Case method of research, Content Analysis, Phenomenology, Narrative research, mixed

methods.

Analysis, tools- Factor analysis, discriminant analysis, conjoint analysis, multiple regression, etc.

Report writing, types of report.

Unit 10 

Managerial processes, functions, skills, and roles in the organization, Systems, contingency, and

operational approaches to management. External and internal environment affecting

managerial decisions – social responsibilities of business – the evolution of management thought;

functions of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.

Understanding & Managing Individual & Group Behaviour – Personality, Perception, Learning,

Values & attitudes, persuasion, Theories of Motivation, Factors affecting group behavior,

group & individual dimensions, understanding work team, Communication, Leadership &

influence process, Organization structure, centralization vs decentralization, strategy &

structure, flat & tall structures, work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command,

a span of control and formalization, Common organizational designs - Simple, bureaucratic,

matrix, virtual, boundary-less, feminine – Organization as an open system & influence of

environment over organizational dynamics concerning technological innovations.

Basic Accounting Records and Books of Accounts, Double Entry System, Journal, Ledger, Trial

Balance, Cash Book, Depreciation Accounting, Final Accounts with Adjustments. Hotel

Accounting, Financial management, Concept of raising funds, capital structure, capital

budgeting, Internal financial control- meaning, problems unique to the hospitality industry,

Establishing cost standards, Types of budget, preparation of a budget, and zero-based budgeting,

working capital management, cash management, Opportunities and challenges for investments

in hotel, aviation & Tourism related sectors, Role of TFCI and other financial organizations.

Elements of Contract Act – Breach of Contact – Performance of Contract – Indemnity &

Guarantee – Bailment - Consumer Protection Act.

Particulars

Paper-I Syllabus 

Paper-II Syllabus 

Exam mode

Online

Online

Type of paper

Common for all candidates

Subject-specific questions

Total questions

50

100

Type of questions

MCQs; 4 options with only 1 correct option

MCQs; 4 options with only 1 correct option

Total marks

100

200

Marking scheme

2 marks for the correct answer

0 for an incorrect answer

2 marks for the correct answer

0 for an incorrect answer

Language of paper

English and Hindi

English and Hindi